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روان شناسی و مشاوره::
کمک ابزاری
Effective teachers are typically described as those who develop relationships with students that are emotionally close, safe, and trusting, that provide access to instrumental help, and that foster a more general ethos of community and caring in classrooms.
, consistent enforcement of rules and expectations for self-reliance and self-control), instrumental help, and concern for emotional and physical well-being (see Wentzel, 2002).
, teachers' provisions of emotional support); evidence concerning teachers' provisions of structure, instrumental help, and safety from harm has been less frequent.
Ethnographic stud- ies document that academically successful inner-city ethnic minority adolescents value instrumental help from teachers but also warmth and acceptance coupled with high aca- demic expectations (Smokowski, Reynolds, & Bezrucko, 2000).
, 2010) documented unique relations of teachers' provisions of clear expectations, classroom safety, instrumental help, and emotional support to students' interest in class and efforts to behave appropriately.
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